ing to print the last four characters of $a. The problem is that ${param:-word} already has a well-def... t the current command or script. Omitting message produces the default message parameter null or not se... omits them. We'll use the first one in our first programming task.
If we used #*/ instead of ##*/, the... variable##/*} because it runs in its own separate process rather than within the shell. Another utility
